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Liberal Utopia

What your world would be if everything liberals wanted, they got. Open the door at the bottom of its Elysium façade and take a glimpse of hell.

Obama-Controlled Do Nothing Congress Miserably Fails the American People

 

Thanks for nothing, Freshman Junior Donothingrat Senator "New Kind of Politics" Øbama.


T

he American people were counting on your Congress to fix the "worst economic crisis since the Great Depression."

And you blew it.

You let your country down, Freshman Junior Senator Oblowhard.

Instead of "making Washington work for us," you were taking advantage of this bad situation by setting up multi-hundred Billion dollar slush funds for your campaign contributors and cronies' corrupt corporations. (Thank the Lord Senator McCain caught you all with your grimy hands in that giant cookie jar before any of you could take out what belongs to us, the people, not you.)

That's not Change®. That's more of the same underhanded Demoqrat Party backroom deal making and payouts to enrich your special interests and lobbyist buddies.

You just couldn't help yourselves, could you?

There was all that lovely money about to flow out of Washington in a virtual flood, and the only thing you ever let pop into your empty pointy small-minded selfish little heads is, "How much of it can we get our grubby hands on?"

How your beady eyes were bulging out of their sockets at the sight of all that potential loot!

It's clearly an instinctual reaction with you parasitic tax-and-spend bloodsuckers.

We know it, too.

You and your party thoroughly sicken us.

You don't deserve any power because, no, you can't be trusted with whatever amount of it we loan you.

But we took that power back today.

We sent you and your fellow dangerously irresponsible Demoqrat Party crooks, liars, and cheats a clear and resounding message:

No!

Stop stealing from us! — from the very people you over and over miserably fail to recall are your sole, true bosses:

Not your rotten pals you sneakily tried to enrich this past week using our money, which you'd planned to embezzle;

Not your corrupted, in-the-tank worshipers in the alleged "news" media, who collectively turn the blind eye of a propagandist to your blatant incompetence and many wrongdoings;

But us.

Your Congress this afternoon didn't need a single Republican to get something passed that would've helped us.

But you had a multi-multi-Billion dollar heist planned, so you needed them to provide you cover on your shady backroom dealings.

Fortunately for the American people, many members of your own party saw exactly what you and your fellow so-called "leaders" were up to, how it wasn't going to be helpful at all to us, and patriotically dissented and deserted your same old greedy stinking corrupt party-first-and-always 'rat infested boatload of useless politicians before you could sink those true Democrats to the bottom of that filthy mire along with you. (Thank the Lord, also, for their acts of courage.) Many more, unfortunately, didn't think feel you were being shady enough. These deserve our country's scorn as well.

Today marks a true victory of, by, and for the American people over the shameless forces of fraud, waste, and abuse within their own halls of government.

Congratulations, fellow Citizens. We fought the good fight for all the good guys in America — and won!

Shame on you and your entire sick bunch of inept, broken-down, mean-spirited, self-interested, always-partisan, do-nothing charlatans and hacks, Freshman Junior Senator Øbama.

You are the most unhelpful, self-serving "representative" there is in your Congress. Which is quite an accomplishment in itself, and the only major one that, yes, you can ever really claim.

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Obuma hates the First Amendment

 

And the Second Amendment, and the Fourth Amendment, and... who knows how many other parts of our Bill of Rights.


W

hen our rights stand in the way of Freshman Junior Dictatorat Senator Øbama's all-excluding lust for power, then those rights must Change®. As in from our having them to our only being able to vaguely recall we had them.

First he wants to disarm us all (excepting criminals and tyrants, of course) so we can't practicably resist whatever forces of goose-stepping Change® he marches into our states to trample us under its literal heel.


Next, he'll mobilize and deploy the entire "legal" apparatus of his then-unopposable police state — which includes Øbaminion goon squads headed by the likes of St. Louis County circuit attorney Bob McCulloch and St. Louis city circuit attorney Jennifer Joyce — against all who still resist The Change™ but are left only with the ability to shoot off their mouths.

Those he declares are "lying" or saying anything "misleading" or even "unfit" about Die Änderung (sounds more authentic in the original German) will receive loud knocks on their doors in the middle of the night and never be heard from again.

That done, he'll whip out his resulting Rubber Stamp (i.e., Congress) and use it to enact a whole series of Intolerable Acts Hope Bills™ that together declare, in effect,

“Individual salvation
depends on
collective salvation.”
Joseph Stalin Barackollectivist Obamarx
"You don't go into eeevil corporate America unless you enjoy seeing your income subject to a 50 percent income-tax rate; so you better 'work' for the community government 'organized' by us instead."

Since very few would be masochistic enough to stay in the "money making industry" under such stringent conditions, all the money being made there before being immediately siphoned off to Washington as the only source of revenue for despØbamat's myriad Die Änderung vote-buying programs will naturally dwindle to the level of pocket change (pun inten—knock! knock! knock!).

Not to worry. "Your" government has this neat device called a Mint Machine that — No, not the peppermint kind, silly. — that... uh. Now where was I. Oh, yes — that prints lots and lots and lots of brand new dollar bills with pictures of people who don't look like Obigot on them whenever we need more, all for free! (I told you it was neat.)

That's what "your" government, organized by the Øbammunists, will use to "pay" you every two weeks for "working" at your community government "job."

So when you get off "work" at 2 pm and fill your single-occupant "car" up with Hydrowindthenol (© 2047 UniCorn Inc.) "fuel" and go home to your mandatory carbon-neutral "organized" community slum "dwelling" housing unit and take a shower with your half-gallon allotment of bathing water so you can get ready to attend your required viewing of al-Gore's fifteenth sequel to Inconvenient "Truth" at the local Yeswecan Communal Propaganda Movie Theater which qualifies you for their Five Year Plan's "generous" 95%-of-the-population Tax Cuttish Credited Stimulus Rebate Check™, yes da you can be glad that the Øbamartinets got rid of those nasty old hated constitutional amendments that were standing in the way of their forcing all this Change® We Can Better Believe In Or Else™ on you, as it permeates every aspect of your "life" in the ObamaNation.

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Want to end up homeless? Then let B. Hussein Obama 'help' you

 

A "change" no none can live with — much less in — is


what Barack Obama did to Illinois taxpayers as a state senator in Springfield. Using his elected office and his clout, Obama helped Tony Rezko and other unscrupulous low-income housing developers obtain millions of dollars in state grants, tax credits, low-interest loans, and regulatory advantages.

Taxpayers had no serious chance of recouping these "investments" in Rezko and other developers. And many beneficiaries went one step farther, depriving the public of even the benefits they could have gotten. These developers took government help to build low-income housing, and then let their buildings deteriorate into uninhabitable slums.



O

f course, if you're a FOOl (Friend-Of-Obuma lobbyist/leech/lackey/etc.), he'll make sure you get plenty of taxpayer-funded help enrichment.

In 1998, [Obuma] wrote letters to state and city officials requesting $14 million for a project developed by Tony Rezko and another close Obama friend — the politician's old law-firm boss, Allison Davis.


In case you're wondering "just how closely Obama was, and still is, tied to the slum-lord world":

He's taken contributions from its big players and pushed legislation favorable to them. His closest ally in that sphere has been Rezko, who raised $250,000 for Obama's campaigns before being convicted on unrelated corruption charges earlier this year.


Corrupt slum-lord convict. Another FOOl taking taxpayers for fools.

Despite all this cheap and free taxpayer money, all of Rezko's 30 buildings eventually ran into financial difficulties. As of 2007, 17 had gone into foreclosure. Six were boarded up and abandoned.



And their residents became homeless. Thanks, FOOl.

During the winter of 1997, Rezmar claimed it lacked the funds to heat a 31-unit building in Englewood on the south side of Chicago — one of eleven Rezmar buildings in Obama's state-senate district. Tenants there went without heat from late December 1996 through mid-February 1997. Despite his company's financial hardship, Rezko signed a $1,000 check for the campaign fund of the newly elected state senator Barack Obama on January 14, 1997.


"You soon-to-be homeless people freeze. I've got to write a big FOOl check to grease the palm of my state senate bagman Baradickal Obuma."

When Barack Obama talks about risky real-estate investments and failures of government oversight, remember how he put Illinois taxpayers on the hook for some of the worst real-estate investments of all — investments in his close friend and in other slum landlords who took the public's money and betrayed their trust.



That's not change. That's just more of the same.



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Golden parachutes for Obama's pals

 

ACORN, La Raza, "National" Urban League, etc., etc., etc.


B

aracelet,too! Obusha & Communists. wreck our entire economy, making it "worst since the Great Depression," then force us taxpaying suckers to pay for their extremely miserable economic-policy failures. Sweet.

The idea that special-interest groups should get a royalty payment for monies that are repaid to the Treasury is a violation of the public trust

But wait... there's more!

To top it all off, they funnel hundreds of Billions of "our" money straight into the coffers of their comrades' "non"partisan special-interest Democommunist front groups so they can keep right on taking and misusing more and more of "our" money to bribe voters with "free" handouts and line the pockets of their party's big donors and contributors. Talk about job security (just theirs, not any of ours, of course).

Democommierats really must feel we're all as socialist dumb as they look.

If we let them get away scot-free with their orchestrating the Greatest "Public" Treasury Heist in Human History™, then we're much dumber than they could ever Hope®.

If ever we needed a Supermaverick to fly in, grab this villainous Luthorian monstrosity by the tail and fling it right out of the earth's atmosphere on a direct course to the fiery heart of our sun, it's now. Exactly the Change We Need.

John McCain: 703-418-2008


While Obusha's disorganized gang is re-seeding the housing mess with the loot they're robbing from "our" Treasury, will conservatives embrace socialism? And given how Dems bailout proposal redirects "Paulson's Profits" to left-wing groups... will media notice?



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Shove that $100,000,000 ACORN of Obama's right back up his scrawny butt

 

Not one penny of our hard-earned taxed money for any of his corrupt, crime-ridden lobbyists and special interests.


F

orget "presidential politics." How about injecting a huge, lethal dose of potassium chloride into the bailout process Pork Barrel Spending for Obusha’s Lying Greedy Cronies & Crooks™ feeding frenzy?

Democrats [aka Communists] in Congress have learned nothing from this financial collapse. They still want to game the market to pick winners and losers by funding programs for unqualified and marginally-qualified borrowers to buy houses they may not be able to afford — and that's the innocent explanation for this [Dealocrat Stealinator Chris “Top FannieMae Donee” Dodd "profits"-percentage] clause.

The[ir] real purpose... is to send more funds to La Raza [Council of "The Race Racists"] and ACORN [Assoc. of CommuniSty OrgObamanization$ for "Reform" Refraud Now; or “Extortion & Bribery Racket” for short] through housing welfare [aka, Demoqrats Qommunists buying votes using our money], via the slush fund of the HTF [Housing “Trust” Fund; or simply Teh Racket®]. They want to float their political efforts on behalf of Democrats with public money, which was always the purpose behind the HTF. They did the same thing in April in the first bailout bill, setting aside $100 million in "counseling" that went in large part to [fr]A[ud]CORN and La Raza, and at least in the former case, providing taxpayer funding for a group facing criminal charges in more than a dozen states for fraud.



Rather than a legitimate bailout, this package is sounding more and more like an illegal "public"-finance contribution to the Obusha campaign.

Wake up, Mr. & Mrs. America.

You're literally being robbed at gunpoint by this brutal gang of home-invading DemØbamarat criminals.

Fight back and help rid our streets of Thugbama's communiSty organized gang before its hoodlum members go on another roving, economically murderous crime spree.

Yes, we can and must change the Obusha-controlled House and Senate if we want to take back our country from his pack of thieves. That's the only way we'll ever be able to again have real hope for all our futures and those of our children.

“A few disillusioned ACORN organizers admit that honesty was never a high priority in the organization.”
– NLPC’s Union Corruption Update


Label: "What a surprise" —
In 1995, then GOP Gov. Jim Edgar refused to implement the federal “Motor Voter” law. Allowing voters to register using only a postcard and blocking the state from culling voter rolls, he argued, could invite fraud. Mr. [Baradickal Hussein] Obama sued on behalf of the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now, and won. Acorn later invited Mr. Obama to help train its staff [in communistapo tactics]; Mr. Obama would also sit on the board of the [terrorist Bill Ayers’] Woods Fund for Chicago, which frequently gave this group grants.

Acorn’s efforts to register voters have been scandal-prone. St. Louis, Mo., officials found that in 2006 over 1,000 addresses listed on its registrations didn’t exist. “We met twice with Acorn before their drive, but our requests completely fell by the wayside,” said Democrat Matt Potter, the city’s deputy elections director. Later, federal authorities indicted eight of the group’s local workers. One of the eight pleaded guilty last month.

In Seattle, local officials invalidated 1,762 Acorn registrations. Felony charges were filed against seven of its workers, some of whom have criminal records. Prosecutors say Acorn’s oversight of its workers was virtually nonexistent. To avoid prosecution, Acorn agreed to pay $25,000 in restitution.

Despite this record — and polls that show clear majorities of blacks and Hispanics back voter ID laws — Mr. Obama continues to back Acorn.



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Obama's Prop

 

He had to look down to read it.


“I

have a bracelet too!

"It's Sergeant... uh, a... Sergeant...

"Sergeant Ryan David Jopek!"

He didn't remember his name.

He had to read it first.

The name on his prop.

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Demoqrats' politically correct financial industry

 

Pricetag: $700,000,000,000.00 (plus or minus a few $100,000,000,000.00)
This post has been rated
PG-13parents strongly cautioned
some material may be
inappropriate for children under 13
For crude Demoqrat al-Qongress-related language,
obscene waste, and gross misconduct of corrupt Demoqrats.



T

hanks for wrecking and ruining our economy, Freshman Junior Senator OBusha and other heartless liberal power-hungry vote-buying scumbag brain-dead corrupt lying Demoqrats Qommunists (and I haven't even begun to repeat myself).

The American people no doubt appreciate you slapping them with that chops-busting bill for your defective Pet Progressivism® (by Marx!™) with its many default costly miserable failures.

Too bad your manufactured Politically Correct Financial Industry isn't another toxic lead-painted toy on the store shelves. Then it could be recalled with your entire bankrupt party footing every penny — all seventy trillion of them — of that unprecedented bill instead of any of us taxpayers.

You'd also be fined and sued and even held directly and criminally liable for deliberately foisting on an unsuspecting American public what you knew or should have known to be the most dangerous product ever:

In [President George W.] Bush's first year in office, the White House chief economist, N. Gregory Mankiw, warned that the government's "implicit subsidy" of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, combined with loans to unqualified borrowers, was creating a huge risk for the entire financial system.

Rep. Barney Frank denounced Mankiw, saying he had no "concern about housing." How dare you oppose suicidal loans to people who can't repay them! The New York Times reported that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were "under heavy assault by the Republicans," but these entities still had "important political allies" in the Democrats.

Now, at a cost of hundreds of billions of dollars, middle-class taxpayers are going to be forced to bail out the Democrats' two most important constituent groups: rich Wall Street bankers and welfare recipients.



Yeah, try to convince congressional Republicans they should sign a "deal" that unjustly drags them all down with you. (Who wouldn't jump at the opportunity?!)

George Bush in a trillion four-year terms couldn't have so intentionally ruined our economy even if he were 700,000,000,000 times as evil as you always falsely accuse him of being.

Thanks again, Demoqrats Qommunists. You home-mortgage industry wreckers.

Thanks for destroying our economy, you corrupt lying sorry bunch of bastards.

And thanks, selfish greedy Demoqrats Qommunists, for solely making this the worst economy we've seen since the "Great" Depression.



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Bless you, Republicans in Congress

 

Stand up and fight for us. We've got your backs.


F

reshman Junior Senator OBusha and his comrade Democommunist Party members control al-Qongress. They and President George Bush, with whom they're butt nakedly in bed now, have the dictatorial power to enact by themselves any "plan" they like for ramming down our throats the biggest big-government takeover of America's free market system since our all but forgotten Constitution established this Republic.

They don't need to plant America-loving Republicans' fingerprints on or near any part of that bloody crime scene.

The plan we need is a total tax holiday on all corporate income and capital gains so the best of our free market can be left totally free to fix and recover from the crisis themselves without anymore failed big-government socialistic meddling or other overburdensome control, the total disbandment of Fannie Mae and other so-called Government Sponsored "Enterprises" so another such crisis caused by the Demoqrat cronies running them can't ever occur again, a restrengthening of our currency so the rest of our economy will have the strongest and securest foundation possible on which to weather this crisis, and a vastly stepped up private-sector thrust to responsibly explore and extract our domestic energy resources wherever without exception they may exist so our country will have the largest possible independent supply of fuel which her economy and the lives of her citizens need to not only make it through the crisis but come out stronger when and long after it's been fixed.

That's a plan we can believe in. A plan we would actually trust.

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Thank you, John McCain

 

At least somebody's rolling up his sleeves and doing the job we taxpayers expect and pay him to do.


G

iven the challenge of fixing the worst economic crisis our nation has seen in living memory, John McCain faces it head on, dives right in where the action is, and works hard to get it fixed quickly for us.

Freshman Junior Senator OBusha, on the other hand, just wants to wait around on the sidelines, literally a thousand miles away, out there on the campaign trail by himself, detached, doing nothing but blaming others and complaining.

After President Bush tried to dump a $700 Billion budget-busting bailout in all our laps, John McCain said, "Not so fast."

Freshman Junior Senator OBusha, on the other hand, meekly went along with President Bush and even said, "Not enough. Make it bigger and broader."

Thankfully, John McCain clearly understands that fixing this mess in Washington is much more important to the American people and their economy than standing on some faraway stage in front of a camera talking about instead of doing something to fix the mess.

Freshman Junior Senator OBusha, on the other hand, is so out of touch with the American people that he feels they would rather watch him up on that distant stage hurling blame and insults at people and otherwise selfishly fiddling with his tie while our nation's economy is burning.

So who's taking action? Who's showing he's ready to lead in a time of crisis? Who's not wasting any time at all when there's a lot of hard work that needs to be done right away?

The next president of the United States of America: John McCain. That's who.

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Make that 699,999,999,980 similarities...

 

Sen. Busharack OBushama probably thought felt all these warnings about his beloved Fannie Mae were just "distractions":


President Bush publicly called for GSE reform 17 times in 2008 alone before Congress acted.

Unfortunately, these warnings went unheeded



…b

y Freshman Junior Senator Obushama and his fellow Demoqrats al-Qommunists.

Same goes for the three major warnings President Bush gave Sen. Øbuma & Co(mrades). between 2005 and 2007 — i.e., during Obambi's Watch™.

Twenty warnings. Twenty times Jr. Sen. OdumbO and his do-nothing Demoqrat qolleagues said, "No Change! Let's Hope for More of the Same!1!!`!"

Corruption we can believe Obama bin Biden are up to their necks in.™

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Bageorge H.W. Obusha

 

Obama is The One who wants to be Bush 44!


T

here are now at least 700 Billion similarities — with a ¢apital B — between Busharack BusHussein OBushama and George Bush.

Both Pre$. Bu$h Jr. and Jr. $en. 0Bu$hama want to take all of us to the cleaners by taking those 700 Billion $imilaritie$ between them straight out of our pockets and using them to fully take over Jr. $en. 0Bu$hama'$ favorite financial corporate-welfare institutions so that, yes, they can take us all for suckers.

Take. Take. Take. Take. And more of the same.

Jr. $en. oBu$hama wants the legislative branch of "our" festeral government to control all that taking for the benefit of his corrupt corporate pals. Pre$. Bu$h Jr. wants the executive branch to do it for his.

The only difference between the two is exactly what We the Severely Overtaxed People are going to be getting out of either one's deal-making.

Nothing.

"Change," my Fannie-stolen decreasing assets.

There's no "Hope®" for these two Ø'Bu$hie$.

Nor for us and our free-market way of life unless we all stand up and stop them.


House switchboard: 202-225-3121
Senate switchboard: 202-224-3121
White House switchboard: 202-456-1414


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'Can't do business with people who don't have any money.'

 

Whether about government-backed mortgages or China's "emerging market," no truer words were ever spoken.


W

hile we're waiting on Freshman Junior Senator zer-O'bagman for Fredd/Fannie MacMae's parachuting fat cat CEOs (aka his campaign's meltdown's "advisors"/donors) to stop his waiting on someone else to come up with enough fluffy text regarding Teh Crisis™ to fill more than a couple of scroll-throughs on his empty pointy skull's surgically attached teleprompter, I suggest we petition Congress to pass a law requiring that every House and Senate Demoqrat Qommunist, before he/she/other may ever again say anything at all about said Crisis™, have this post's title permanently tattooed across their sloping foreheads so every time any alleged "reporter" gets ready to ask any of them yet another softball "question" right after they've invariably proffered more of the same denial of their own direct responsibility right after blaming everyone and everything else for Teh Crisis™, said "reporter" might read for the very first time in his/her/other socialist-indoctrinated life that bedrock principle of free markets, slip up, and ask his/her/other fellow said Demoqrat Qommunist the following instead:

Senator (or "Representative"), do you think feel the cause of this Crisis™ may have something to do with you and your fellow lawmakers forcing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to make "loan" after unrepayable "loan" to people with low incomes who, by defintion, don't have any money to pay back such loans?


At the very least Senator Dodd should be forced to recuse himself from ever participating in — much less chairing — any hearings on the Fredd/Fannie MacMae bailout, since

Sen. Chris Dodd (D-Conn.), chairman of the Senate banking committee, has received the most from Fannie and Freddie's PACs and employees ($133,900 since 1989).


Top Recipients of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Campaign Contributions, 1989-2008
RankNameOfficeParty/StateTotal
1.Dodd, Christopher JSenatorD-CT$133,900
2.Kerry, JohnSenatorD-MA$111,000
3.Obama, BarackSenat0rD-IL$105,849
4.Clinton, HillarySenatorD-NY$75,550

Nothing sounds like more of the same Washington-insider corruption, lobbyist kickbacks, special-interest favors, and outright bribes, more than those four out-of-touch crooks.

“Yes, we can hope that in the future someone will change my diapers the moment when we must smell how filled they are with more of the same stuff we can believe is in them.

“Then I am absolutely certain that generations from now, we will be able to look back and tell our children that this was the moment the rise of that ocean began to slow and my planet-sized rash began to heal.”

B. Hussein zer-Øblahma
My 58 States of Mindlessness


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Cover Your Fannie, Obuma

 

Like some butter on you're toast?


I

nteresting headline:

Leader of Obama's VP Search Team Quits
Former Fannie Mae Chief Was Criticized Over Loan Deals


By Jonathan Weisman
Washington Post Staff Writer
Thursday, June 12, 2008; A01


James A. Johnson, a consummate Washington insider and former Fannie Mae chief executive, resigned yesterday from Sen. Barack Obama's vice presidential search committee, just four days after he was caught up in controversy over low-interest home loans and lucrative business deals.


No wonder you were only "present" again back in 2005, when Senator McCain was asking you to support increased oversight authority so the administration could better regulate your beloved Fannie, Mr. Odonothing-uh. Even after Senator McCain warned you and your fellow Demoqrats Qommunists that, "If Congress does not act, American taxpayers will continue to be exposed to the enormous risk that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac pose to the housing market, the overall financial system and the economy as a whole."

However, what is a wonder is that — given those bookending your pointy head, Freshman Junior Senator OdumbO — his warnings simply fell on your hopelessly deaf ears.

Your party miserably failed to do anything at all about the looming crisis. Other than to obstruct, deny, and filibuster any and all needed Change®, that is. Even after

The Bush administration today [September 11, 2003] recommended the most significant regulatory overhaul in the housing finance industry since the savings and loan crisis a decade ago.

Under the plan, disclosed at a Congressional hearing today, a new agency would be created within the Treasury Department to assume supervision of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the government-sponsored companies that are the two largest players in the mortgage lending industry.



A plan supported by congressional Republicans. But opposed by DemoFanniecrats, of course.

Now what possible reasons could you have for doing, as usual, absolutely nothing? Be$ide$ your 105,849 more of the $ame one$?

Speaking of which,

Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac execs now offering advice to Obama
Senator's links to mortgage giants also include campaign contributions


Posted: September 17, 2008 9:10 pm Eastern
By Jerome R. Corsi


NEW YORK – Campaign contributions from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac made to Barack Obama may backfire if the Democratic presidential hopeful wages an aggressive campaign to cast blame on rival John McCain and the Republicans in Congress for the mortgage-related losses that forced the U.S. Treasury to take over the quasi-governmental mortgage giants.

A review of Federal Election Commission records back to 1989 reveals Obama in his three complete years in the Senate is the second largest recipient of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae campaign contributions, behind only Sen. Christopher Dodd, D-Conn., the powerful chairman of the Senate banking committee. Dodd was first elected to the Senate in 1980.



One more:

McCain hits Obama on Fannie Mae ties

Posted by Foon Rhee, deputy national political editor September 18, 2008 06:20 PM

John McCain unveiled a new TV ad this afternoon that tries to paint Democratic rival Barack Obama as so inexperienced on the economy that he has to listen to shady characters.

"Obama has no background in economics," the announcer says.

"Who advises him? The Post says it's Franklin Raines, for 'advice on mortgage and housing policy,'" the announcer says, citing a Washington Post report this week.

"Shocking. Under Raines, Fannie Mae committed 'extensive financial fraud,'" the announcer says, as another newspaper headline appears on screen. "Raines made millions. Fannie Mae collapsed."

Raines, the head of Fannie Mae from 1998 to 2004, agreed in April to pay nearly $25 million in a settlement with the government in an accounting scandal.

"Taxpayers? Stuck with the bill," the announcer continues, as an image of an elderly woman appears. "Barack Obama, bad advice, bad instincts. Not ready to lead."

UPDATE: Obama's campaign just issued a response, including a denial from Raines.

"I am not an adviser to Barack Obama, nor have I provided his campaign with advice on housing or economic matters," Raines said in a statement.



Such "I am not a crook" denials, notwithstanding, what flowery sounding Hopenchange™ Plan® do you have, El ZerO, for delivering a good, swift kick to that crooked Fannie of yours?

What?

No, I can't, uh, hear you over the, um, crickets.




The Crickets' Teleprompter


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More than 'Present'

 

On reforming Wall Street and fixing Washington.



You, the American workers, are the best in the world.

But your economic security has been put at risk by the greed of Wall Street.

That’s unacceptable.

My opponents’ only solutions are talk and taxes.

I’ll reform Wall Street and fix Washington.

I’ve taken on tougher guys than this before.

Change is coming.


McCAIN
       _|_       
/\
PALIN


John McCain

I’m John McCain and I approve this message.

THE
ORIGINAL MAVERICK


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Constitution for the United States of America

 

Posted on our nation's Constitution Day for frequent reference.


We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article. I.

Section. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Section. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Section. 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

Section. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.

Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Section. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

Section. 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States: If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

Section. 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;

To establish Post Offices and post Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

Section. 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another; nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

Section. 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

Article. II.

Section. 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Section. 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.

Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Article III.

Section. 1. The judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

Section. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—between a State and Citizens of another State;—between Citizens of different States;—between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

Section. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

Article. IV.

Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section. 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.

Section. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

Section. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened), against domestic Violence.

Article. V.

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.

Article. VI.

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

Article. VII.

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

The Word, "the," being interlined between the seventh and eighth Lines of the first Page, the Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page, The Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page.



done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

Attest William Jackson Secretary

G°Washington Presidt
and deputy from Virginia

 
  Delaware –Geo: Read
Gunning Bedford jun
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jaco: Broom
Maryland –James McHenry
Dan of St Thos. Jenifer
Danl. Carroll
Virginia –John Blair
James Madison Jr.
North Carolina –Wm. Blount
Richd. Dobbs Spaight
Hu Williamson
South Carolina –J. Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
Pierce Butler
Georgia –William Few
Abr Baldwin
New Hampshire –John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman
Massachusetts –Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King
Connecticut –Wm. Saml. Johnson
Roger Sherman
New York . . . Alexander Hamilton
New Jersey –Wil: Livingston
David Brearley
Wm. Paterson
Jona: Dayton
Pennsylvania –B Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robt. Morris
Geo. Clymer
Thos. FitzSimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouv Morris
Established June 21, 1788


Congress of the United States, begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.

The Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution,

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.t

Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.

Article I

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

Article II

A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.

Article III

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

Article IV

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

Article V

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Article VI

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.

Article VII

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Article VIII

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Article IX

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Article X

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

Attest,

Frederick Agustus Muhlenberg Speaker of the House of Representatives
John Adams, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate.

John Beckley Clerk of the House of Representatives.
Sam. A. Otis Secretary of the Senate.
Proposed September 25, 1789
Ratified December 15, 1791


Third Congress of the United States: At the first session. Begun and held at the City of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, on Monday the Second of December one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Article be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States; which when ratified by three-fourths of the said Legislatures shall be valid as part of the said Constitution, viz:

Article XI

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.

Frederick Agustus MuhlenbergSpeaker of the House of Representatives
John Adams, –Vice President of the United States and
President of the Senate.
Attest –John BeckleyClerk of the House of Representatives.
Sam. A. OtisSecretary of the Senate.
Proposed March 4, 1794
Ratified February 7, 1795


Eighth Congress of the United States; At the First Session, Begun and held at the city of Washington, in the territory of Columbia, on Monday, the seventeenth of October, one thousand eight hundred and three.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, Two thirds of both houses concurring, that in lieu of the third paragraph of the first section of the second article of the constitution of the United States, the following be proposed as an amendment to the constitution of the United States, which when ratified by three-fourths of the legislatures of the several states, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said constitution, to wit:

Article XII

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; — the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; — The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. — The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

Nathl MaconSpeaker of the House of Representatives.
A. BurrVice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate.
Attest—
John BeckleyClerk of the House of Representatives.
Sam. A. OtisSecretary of the Senate.
Proposed December 9, 1803
Ratified June 15, 1804


Thirty-Eighth Congress of the United States of America; At the Second Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington, on Monday, the fifth day of December, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-four. A Resolution Submitting to the legislatures of the several States a proposition to amend the Constitution of the United States.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, (two-thirds of both houses concurring), That the following article be proposed to the legislatures of the several States as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said Legislatures, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of the said Constitution, namely:

Article XIII.

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

 Schuyler Colfax
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
H. Hamlin
Vice President of the United States,
and President of the Senate.

Approved, February 1, 1865.

Abraham Lincoln

Proposed January 31, 1865
Ratified December 6, 1865


Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States, at the first Session, begun and held at the City of Washington, in the District of Columbia, on Monday the fourth day of December, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five. Joint Resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, (two-thirds of both Houses concurring,) That the following article be proposed to the legislatures of the several States as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the Constitution, namely:

Article XIV.

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 5. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

Attest.
   EdwdMcPherson
    Clerk of the House of Representatives.
     J.W. Forney
    Secretary of the Senate.
Schuyler Colfax
Speaker of the House of Representatives.  
La Fayette S. Foster
  President of the Senate pro tempore.
Proposed June 13, 1866
Ratified July 21, 1868


Fortieth Congress of the United States of America; At the third Session, Begun and held at the city of Washington, on Monday, the seventh day of December, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight. A Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, (two-thirds of both Houses concurring) That the following article be proposed to the legislatures of the several States as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said legislatures shall be valid as part of the Constitution, namely:

Article XV.

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.  

Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 

Schuyler Colfax
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
B.F. Wade
President of the Senate pro tempore. 
Attest.
EdwdMcPherson
  Clerk of House of Representatives.
Geo. C. Gorham
  Secy of Senate U.S.
Proposed February 26, 1869
Ratified February 17, 1870


Sixty-first Congress of the United States of America; At the First Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the fifteenth day of March, one thousand nine hundred and nine. Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as a part of the Constitution:

Article XVI.

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

J G Cannon
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
J S Sherman
Vice-President of the United States and    
President of the Senate.
Attest:
A McDowell
Clerk of the House of Representatives.
Charles G. Bennett
Secretary
By Henry H. Gilfry  
Chief Clerk
Proposed July 2, 1909
Ratified February 3, 1913


Sixty-second Congress of the United States of America; At the Second Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the fourth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and eleven. Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution providing that Senators shall be elected by the people of the several States.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That in lieu of the first paragraph of section three of Article I of the Constitution of the United States, and in lieu of so much of paragraph two of the same section as relates to the filling of vacancies, the following be proposed as an amendment to the Constitution, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States:

Article XVII

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures.

When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.

This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

Champ Clark    
Speaker of the House of Representatives.  
J S Sherman
Vice President of the United States and    
President of the Senate.
Proposed May 13, 1912
Ratified April 8, 1913


Sixty-fifth Congress of the United States of America; At the Second Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the third day of December, one thousand nine hundred and seventeen. Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following amendment to the Constitution be, and hereby is, proposed to the States, to become valid as a part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of the several States as provided by the Constitution:

Article XVIII.

Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.

Sec. 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Sec. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Champ Clark
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Thos. R. Marshall
Vice President of the United States and    
President of the Senate.
Proposed December 18, 1917
Ratified January 16, 1919


Sixty-sixth Congress of the United States of America; At the First Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the nineteenth day of May, one thousand nine hundred and nineteen. Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution extending the right of suffrage to women.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States.

Article XIX.

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

F.H. Gillett    
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Thos. R. Marshall
Vice President of the United States and    
President of the Senate.
Proposed June 4, 1919
Ratified August 18, 1920


Seventy-second Congress of the United States of America; At the First Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the seventh day of December, one thousand nine hundred and thirty-one. Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States fixing the commencement of the terms of President and Vice President and Members of Congress and fixing the time of the assembling of Congress.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following amendment to the Constitution be, and hereby is, proposed to the States, to become valid as a part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of the several States as provided in the Constitution:

Article XX

Section 1. The terms of the President and the Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

Sec. 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Sec. 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

Sec. 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.

Sec. 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article.

Sec. 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission.

Jno. N. Garner
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Charles Curtis   
Vice President of the United States and    
President of the Senate.
Proposed March 2, 1932
Ratified January 23, 1933


Seventy-second Congress of the United States of America; At the Second Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the fifth day of December, one thousand nine hundred and thirty-two. Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by conventions in three-fourths of the several States:

Article XXI

Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

Sec. 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

Sec. 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.

Jno. N. Garner
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Charles Curtis
Vice President of the United States and    
President of the Senate.
Proposed February 20, 1933
Ratified December 5, 1933


Eightieth Congress of the United States of America; At the First Session, Begun and held at the City of Washington on Friday, the third day of January, one thousand nine hundred and forty-seven. Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to the terms of office of the President.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States:

Article XXII

Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

Sec. 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

Joseph W. Martin
Speaker of the House of Representatives.    
William F. Knowland
Acting President of the Senate pro tempore.    
Proposed March 24, 1947
Ratified February 27, 1951


Eighty-sixth Congress of the United States of America At the Second Session Begun and held at the City of Washington on Wednesday, the sixth day of January, one thousand nine hundred and sixty Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States granting representation in the electoral college to the District of Columbia.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution only if ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

Article XXIII

Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as Congress may direct:

A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Sam Rayburn
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Mike Mansfield
Vice President of the United States and    
Acting President of the Senate.
pro tempore
Proposed June 16, 1960
Ratified March 29, 1961


Eighty-seventh Congress of the United States of America At the Second Session Begun and held at the City of Washington on Wednesday, the tenth day of January, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-two Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to the qualifications of electors.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following article is hereby proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution only if ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

Article XXIV

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

John W. McCormack
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Carl Hayden
Vice President of the United States and    
President of the Senate.
pro tempore
Proposed September 14, 1962
Ratified January 23, 1964


Eighty-ninth Congress of the United States of America At the First Session Begun and held at the City of Washington on Monday, the fourth day of January, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-five Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to succession to the Presidency and Vice Presidency and to cases where the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

Article XXV

Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President.

Sec. 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

Sec. 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

Sec. 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President.

Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.

John W. McCormack
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Hubert H. Humphrey
Vice President of the United States and    
President of the Senate.
Proposed July 6, 1965
Ratified February 10, 1967


Ninety-second Congress of the United States of America At the First Session Begun and held at the City of Washington on Thursday, the twenty-first day of January, one thousand nine hundred and seventy-one Joint Resolution Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States extending the right to vote to citizens eighteen years of age or older.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled (two-thirds of each House concurring therein), That the following article is proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of the Constitution when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission by the Congress:

Article XXVI

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

Carl Albert
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
Allen J. Ellender
Vice President of the United States and    
President of the Senate.
pro tempore
Proposed March 23, 1971
Ratified July 1, 1971


Congress of the United States, begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine.

[...]

Article XXVII

No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of representatives shall have intervened.

Attest,

Frederick Agustus Muhlenberg Speaker of the House of Representatives
John Adams, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate.

John Beckley Clerk of the House of Representatives.
Sam. A. Otis Secretary of the Senate.
Proposed September 25, 1789
Ratified May 7, 1992


 

Original States and dates their conventions ratified the Constitution: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 25, 1788; New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790.

New States and dates Congress admitted them into the Union: Vermont, March 4, 1791; Kentucky, June 1, 1792; Tennessee, June 1, 1796; Ohio, March 1, 1803; Louisiana, April 30, 1812; Indiana, December 11, 1816; Mississippi, December 10, 1817; Illinois, December 3, 1818; Alabama, December 14, 1819; Maine, March 15, 1820; Missouri, August 10, 1821; Arkansas, June 15, 1836; Michigan, Jan 26, 1837; Florida, March 3, 1845; Texas, December 29, 1845; Iowa, December 28, 1846; Wisconsin, May 29, 1848; California, September 9, 1850; Minnesota, May 11, 1858; Oregon, February 14, 1859; Kansas, January 29, 1861; West Virginia, June 20, 1863; Nevada, October 31, 1864; Nebraska, March 1, 1867; Colorado, August 1, 1876; North Dakota and South Dakota, November 2, 1889; Montana, November 8, 1889; Washington, November 11, 1889; Idaho, July 3, 1890; Wyoming, July 10, 1890; Utah, January 4, 1896; Oklahoma, November 16, 1907; New Mexico, January 6, 1912; Arizona, February 14, 1912; Alaska, January 3, 1959; Hawaii, August 21, 1959.



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